FMLA Insights - Guidance & Solutions for Employers

On January 30, 2012, the U.S. Department of Labor announced proposed changes to Family and Medical Leave Act regulations (pdf) in three specific areas: 1) Military Family Leave; 2) Flight Crew FMLA Eligibility; and 3) the manner in which employers calculate increments of FMLA leave.  Rules for the first two have been expected for some time, but the proposed rule on calculating increments of FMLA leave is a bit unexpected and essentially seeks to revert back to pre-2009 regulations on this issue. 

The proposed regulations also comment on the DOL's model FMLA forms as well as an employer's obligations under the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act (GINA).  So, read on...

Military Family Leave

Caregiver Leave

Under the National Defense Authorization Act of 2010, eligible employees can take up to 26 weeks of FMLA leave ("caregiver leave") in a single 12-month period to care for a covered service member or veteran with a serious injury or illness.  Under the NDAA and the proposed regulations, caregiver leave now can be taken up to five years after the service member leaves the military and for an injury or illness that results from a condition that predates the individual's active duty but that was exacerbated by the military service.  Prior to the NDAA, caregiver leave was available only to employees caring for current service members, not veterans.

Interestingly, the DOL is proposing that caregiver medical certification also may be completed by health care providers who are not affiliated with the military or Veterans Administration.  The same would apply to second and third opinions, so long as the initial certification was conducted by a HCP not affiliated with the military or Vets Administrations.  Under the current regulations, second and third opinions are not allowed for caregiver leave.  The DOL has specifically sought feedback on this issue, suggesting that it is open to even further changes to the proposed rule.

Exigency Leave

The NDAA and the proposed regulations also allow employees to take up to 12 weeks of FMLA leave for a "qualifying exigency" due to a family member's call to active duty in a foreign country.  Qualifying exigencies naturally encompass a wide range of activities associated with a service member's deployment, such as attending to legal, financial, family, child care, school and other matters. 

Prior to the NDAA's enactment, exigency leave only was available to family members of Reserve and National Guard members, and not regular service members.  The latter group specifically was excluded in the original statute.  At that time, the DOL rationalized that the lives of regular service members were not disrupted in the same manner as Reserve and National Guard members; hence, no exigency leave for "regular" freedom fighters.  However, the NDAA and proposed regulations reverse that position and now make clear: FMLA leave is available to family members of regular armed service members, as well as family members of Reserve and National Guard members.

Finally, the proposed regulations seek to expand from five to 15 days the amount of FMLA leave an employee can take to be reunited with a service member during "rest and recuperation" periods.

Airline Flight Crew Eligibility

The Airline Flight Crew Technical Corrections Act (AFCTCA) ensures that more employees are eligible for FMLA leave.  Enacted in 2009, AFCTCA closed a loophole in the “hours worked” eligibility requirements for airline pilots and flight attendants whose unique schedules often left them short of the hours required to qualify them for FMLA leave.  Under the FMLA, employees must work at least 1,250 hours in the previous 12-month period, which equates to 60 percent of a typical 40-hour workweek. 

AFCTCA applies the same concept to airline flight crews.  In short, the Act provides that the hours flight crew employees work or for which they are paid – not just those hours working in flight – count as hours of service for purposes of FMLA eligibility.  Under AFCTCA and the proposed regulations, an airline flight crew employee (as defined by FAA regulations) will meet the FMLA hours of service eligibility requirement if he or she has worked or been paid for not less than 60 percent of the applicable total monthly guarantee and has worked or been paid for not less than 504 hours during the previous 12 months.  This calculation would not include personal commute time, or time spent on vacation, medical or sick leave.

The rules proposed by the DOL provide specific instruction on how to implement this technical correction and apply the standards for flight crew benefits.

Calculation of Increments of FMLA Leave

Smallest Increments of Leave

In an interesting add on, the DOL also proposes to change the manner in which employers calculate increments of leave.  Before the regulations were changed in January 2009, employers were required to track intermittent or reduced schedule FMLA leave in the smallest increments used by their payroll systems to account for such leave, so long as it was one hour or less.  Thus, if an employer tracked employee time worked in 6-minute increments, the FMLA regulations required employers to also track FMLA leave in the same manner. 

In a move that was heralded at the time by the employer community, the DOL amended the regulations in 2009 to allow employers to track FMLA leave time in the same manner they track other forms of leave.  For instance, if the employer required employees to exhaust sick or vacation leave in one-hour increments, they also could require employees to exhaust FMLA leave in one-hour increments so long as the employee wished to use paid leave for the absence.

In short, the DOL proposes that we revert back to the pre-2009 regulations, reasoning that "an employer may not require an employee to take more leave than is necessary to address the circumstances that precipitated the need for leave."  Thus, the DOL favors reverting back to the principle that employers must track FMLA leave in the shortest increments of leave at any time.

Physical Impossibility Provisions

Finally, the proposed regulations also seek to roll back a 2009 regulatory change that allowed employers to delay reinstatement where it is physically impossible for the employee to return to his or her job in the middle of their shift.  For example, if a flight attendant required two hours of intermittent leave because of a migraine headache, but also missed his scheduled flight as a result, the airline could delay returning him to work on that day because it was physically impossible for him to join his flight (since it already took off!).  As a result, the employer could designate a larger block of time as FMLA leave in that instance.

Not any more.  According to the DOL's FAQs on the proposed rules, the DOL “is concerned that some employers may have misinterpreted the concept of physical impossibility to apply to circumstances where it is merely inconvenient to reinstate the employee mid-shift.”  Therefore, the proposed rule would apply the physical impossibility provision "only the most limited circumstances and only where it is, in fact, physically impossible to allow the employee to leave his or her shift early or to restore the employee to his or her same position or to an equivalent position at the time the employee no longer needs FMLA leave."

An Employer's GINA Obligations

The DOL also proposes adding a standard record keeping provision that would confirm employers' obligations to comply with the confidentiality requirements of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA).  The DOL reminds employers that, "to the extent that records and documents created for FMLA purposes contain 'family medical history' or 'genetic information' as defined in GINA, employers must maintain such records in accordance with [GINA's] confidentiality requirements." 

Oddly, the DOL does not propose an obligation on employers to include any language on GINA protections within the medical certification form.  For a quick review of best practices in doing so, see our post from earlier this month on the issue. 

The DOL's FMLA Forms are gone too? 

Sniff, sniff.  The DOL also intends to whack from the Appendices all of the required FMLA model forms and notices.  Why?  We haven't a clue, since we know the federal government's fondness for paper.  If the rule is approved, these forms and notices would only be available on the DOL's wage and hour website. 

Insights for Employers

1. First, take a deep breath and digest.  Nothing is final just yet!  We now have 60 days (from the time these proposed rules are published in the Federal Register, which is any moment now) to comment on the proposed regulations.  When the proposed rules are officially published, we will be able to submit comments here.  
2. In addition to the newly proposed regulations (see link above), take a minute to review the DOL's FAQs and Fact Sheet #1 and Fact Sheet #2 on the proposed regulations.
3. After a deep breath (see No. 1 above), bombard your employment attorney with all kinds  of exceedingly appropriate questions: Will we need to change our FMLA policy and forms? (Yes!)  Will we need to train our managers on these changes? (Yes!) Will the FMLA continue to be an administrative nightmare? (Yes!)  But will we still live to see tomorrow?  (An unreserved Yes!)

More Insights for Employers to follow soon...after a short nap.

First, a heartfelt THANK YOU for following our FMLA Insights blog in 2011. 

In 2011, our most popular blog entries involved two general topics: 1) employers' best practices for FMLA administration; and 2) leave as a reasonable accommodation under the ADA when FMLA leave ends.  We share these posts again below, since we believe the guidance is valuable as we enter a new year. 

The Best of 2011

In 2011, two blog posts highlighted practical steps employers should take to maximize the efficiency of their FMLA leave administration.  Updating your FMLA policy and forms, using the medical certification process to your advantage, enforcing call-in policies...and much more below.

Policies, Practices and More: An FMLA "To Do" List for 2011

Play Ball! An FMLA Lineup That Keeps You in the Pennant Race

In August and September 2011, about 900 attendees attended my webinar with the EEOC Regional Attorney John Hendrickson regarding "Leave" as a reasonable accommodation under the ADA.  My takeaways from that webinar proved to be popular as well, and employers kept the questions coming. 

What's in Store for FMLA in 2012?

The DOL has been relatively quiet on the FMLA front.  Some time ago, it intimated that it would conduct a survey in 2011 to "provide insight into how families use leave," but we heard nothing further.  Some (including me) wondered at the time whether this survey would signal even more regulatory change for the FMLA.  At this point, however, we are left guessing as to whether the DOL will even update its FMLA forms to include recommended changes such as the GINA disclaimer and the amended definition of "exigency leave" for military family leave.  Days ago, though, the DOL did publish this handy dandy guidance on FMLA retaliation, which told us what we should already know -- Don't retaliate against employees who take FMLA leave.

As we move into 2012, the EEOC (as opposed to DOL) seems to be grabbing the headlines on employee leave of absence issues, as it continues its war on automatic termination provisions and the use of leave as a reasonable accommodation under the ADA.  (See my post later this month on this topic.)  This year, we are likely to witness even more EEOC settlements in this area.  More importantly, the employer community eagerly awaits whether the EEOC will issue further guidance on "leave" as a reasonable accommodation, as it forecasted at its June 2011 hearing on this subject.  Will it give us the guidance we need to reduce liability and bring some predictability on this subject? 

In the meantime, we soldier on.  We update FMLA policies and forms.  We change our FMLA leave year so it is the most adventageous for our operations.  We update and communicate our call-in policies so all employees understand their responsibilities.  We clean up job descriptions so they are useful in the context of both the FMLA and ADA.  We create call-in questionnaires and effective medical certification procedures so we can better combat FMLA abuse.  (Click here for one of our more popular articles in 2011 on fighting FMLA abuse.)  We try to avoid an ever-growing list of FMLA class actions.  We train our supervisors and HR professionals so they are in the best position to administer the FMLA.

May your 2012 be an FMLA worry-free year.

Finally...a Thank You, Again!

As we start out 2012, we give thanks to you!  Because of our readers and your votes, we were voted the No. 3 Labor and Employment blog in 2011 by the ABA Journal and the No. 2 L&E blog of 2011 by LexisNexis.  We look forward to communicating with you about all things FMLA in the year ahead.  Keep the questions coming!

Last week, my colleagues, Bill Pokorny and Josh Meeuwse, and I conducted a complimentary Webinar for our clients and friends of the firm regarding the ADA Amendments Act and its final regulations, which take effect May 24, 2011. 

You now can access the archived version of the Webinar and the presentation materials here.  The Webinar provides an overview of the changes to the ADAAA and its regulations and offers strategies for avoiding and defending against potential disability discrimination claims. 

Effect on the FMLA: The ADAAA significantly expands the number of employees who are considered "disabled."  Consequently, employees who suffer from serious health conditions covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act now also may be covered by the ADAAA.  While covering several common workplace issues, our Webinar specifically addresses how to handle an employee who has exhausted FMLA leave but needs additional leave before returning to work. 

For additional information about the ADAAA and how it will impact your workplace, you also can access our comprehensive summary of the ADAAA final regulations here (pdf).

The folks at the California Public Agency Labor and Employment blog yesterday raised an issue that has popped up from time to time with our own clients: When it comes to "baby bonding" leave, does the Family and Medical Leave Act provide more generous benefits for unmarried parents than it does for married parents?  In short, the answer is Yes.

Under the FMLA, where both husband and wife work for the same employer, they are entitled to a combined 12 weeks of bonding leave per FMLA year.  (See 29 CFR 825.120(a)(3))  So, what if mom and dad both work for the same employer but are not married?  In what can only be described as a loophole in the FMLA, the unmarried parents do not have to split the 12 weeks -- each may take up to 12 weeks of bonding leave. 

As the California L&E blog points out, this contrasts with state FMLA laws (like the California Family Rights Act) where bonding leave is limited to a combined 12 weeks for the parents, regardless of whether they are married or not.  Perhaps an intended result, but one employers must be mindful of when administering FMLA leave.

Earlier this afternoon I received a voice message from an attorney in the EEOC General Counsel's office, suggesting that our earlier post might have gotten things wrong when we said that employers should include the new GINA "safe harbor" language in their FMLA certification forms. So far we have only been able to exchange voice messages, but I will try to obtain further clarification from the EEOC and let you know what I learn. (And thanks to the folks at the EEOC for the call - we appreciate your guidance!)

In the mean time, here is the language from the rules - we still think it means that the safe harbor language should be included in your FMLA certification forms, but you can decide for yourself:

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On the campaign trail, then candidate Barack Obama promised to work aggressively on work-family balance if he was elected president.  In doing so, he clearly signaled a movement toward pursuing additional rights for employees to permit them to better balance their workplace duties and their personal and family lives.  This "movement," however, has been stalled by the health care debate, the conflict in Iraq, and the Gulf Oil mess.

Yesterday, the Administration signaled that its commitment to work-family balance is back on track. 

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Well, we stand corrected. While we said in our summary of the DOL's new Administrator Interpretation (.pdf) on the issue of FMLA leave for those standing in loco parentis for a child that the new interpretation "arguably does not change existing law," Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis evidently thinks that it does. Writing in the Huffington Post, Secretary Solis had this to say about the new interpretation:

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The New York Times is reporting today that the U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division will issue a "ruling" tomorrow, providing that an employee in a same-sex relationship may use FMLA leave to care for the child of his or her partner, even if the employee has not legally adopted the child. It is not clear whether this new ruling will actually amount to an expansion of FMLA rights, or will merely clarify the existing rule that an employee may take FMLA to care for a child for whom the employee acts as a parent ("in loco parentis"). 

We will of course provide details of the new ruling once it becomes available. 

On March 24, 2010, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division announced that it will begin issuing “Administrator Interpretations” of the statutes and regulations administered by the division, which include the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act. According to the announcement, these Administrator Interpretations “will set forth a general interpretation of the law and regulations, applicable across-the-board to all those affected by the provision at issue,” and will clarify the law “as it relates to an entire industry, a category of employees, or to all employees.”

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